Prior to the 20th Century and Modernism the Purpose of Art Was Clear and Welldefined Quizlet

Creative works produced during the menstruum extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s

Modernistic art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era.^[1] The term is usually associated with fine art in which the traditions of the by have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.^[2] Modern artists experimented with new means of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency away from the narrative, which was characteristic for the traditional arts, toward abstraction is feature of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called gimmicky fine art or postmodern fine art.

Modern art begins with the heritage of painters similar Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of mod fine art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubists Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy, Jean Metzinger and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris fine art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. Matisse'south 2 versions of The Dance signified a primal point in his career and in the development of modern painting.^[iii] Information technology reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive fine art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blueish-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism.

At the start of 20th-century Western painting, and initially influenced past Toulouse-Lautrec, Gauguin and other late-19th-century innovators, Pablo Picasso fabricated his first Cubist paintings based on Cézanne's thought that all depiction of nature tin can be reduced to iii solids: cube, sphere and cone. With the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), Picasso dramatically created a new and radical moving-picture show depicting a raw and archaic brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of African tribal masks and his ain new Cubist inventions. Analytic cubism was jointly developed by Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, from almost 1908 through 1912. Analytic cubism, the first articulate manifestation of cubism, was followed past Synthetic cubism, proficient by Braque, Picasso, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp and several other artists into the 1920s. Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of unlike textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé and a big diverseness of merged subject thing.^[four] ^[v]

The notion of modern art is closely related to modernism.^[a]

History [edit]

Roots in the 19th century [edit]

Although modern sculpture and architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the terminate of the 19th century, the beginnings of modern painting can be located earlier.^[seven] The date mayhap well-nigh commonly identified as mark the nativity of modern fine art is 1863,^[7] the yr that Édouard Manet showed his painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe in the Salon des Refusés in Paris. Earlier dates have too been proposed, amidst them 1855 (the year Gustave Courbet exhibited The Artist's Studio) and 1784 (the year Jacques-Louis David completed his painting The Adjuration of the Horatii).^[seven] In the words of art historian H. Harvard Arnason: "Each of these dates has significance for the development of mod art, merely none categorically marks a completely new beginning .... A gradual metamorphosis took identify in the course of a hundred years."^[7]

The strands of thought that somewhen led to mod art can be traced back to the Enlightenment.^[b] The important modern art critic Clement Greenberg, for instance, chosen Immanuel Kant "the first real Modernist" just also drew a stardom: "The Enlightenment criticized from the exterior ... . Modernism criticizes from the inside."^[9] The French Revolution of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with lilliputian question and accustomed the public to vigorous political and social argue. This gave rise to what art historian Ernst Gombrich called a "self-consciousness that made people select the mode of their building as one selects the design of a wallpaper."^[ten]

The pioneers of modern fine art were Romantics, Realists and Impressionists.^[11] ^{[ failed verification ]} By the late 19th century, additional movements which were to exist influential in modern art had begun to sally: post-Impressionism and Symbolism.

Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, peculiarly Japanese printmaking, to the coloristic innovations of Turner and Delacroix, to a search for more realism in the depiction of common life, as establish in the piece of work of painters such as Jean-François Millet. The advocates of realism stood against the idealism of the tradition-jump bookish fine art that enjoyed public and official favor.^[12] The virtually successful painters of the twenty-four hour period worked either through commissions or through large public exhibitions of their own piece of work. There were official, regime-sponsored painters' unions, while governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts.

The Impressionists argued that people do non see objects but merely the lite which they reflect, and therefore painters should pigment in natural light (en plein air) rather than in studios and should capture the effects of calorie-free in their work.^[thirteen] Impressionist artists formed a group, Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") which, despite internal tensions, mounted a series of contained exhibitions.^[14] The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "motion". These traits—institution of a working method integral to the art, establishment of a motion or visible active cadre of support, and international adoption—would exist repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.

Early 20th century [edit]

Amidst the movements which flowered in the beginning decade of the 20th century were Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, and Futurism.

During the years between 1910 and the cease of Earth War I and after the heyday of cubism, several movements emerged in Paris. Giorgio de Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea (the poet and painter known as Alberto Savinio). Through his blood brother he met Pierre Laprade, a fellow member of the jury at the Salon d'Automne where he exhibited three of his dreamlike works: Enigma of the Oracle, Enigma of an Afternoon and Self-Portrait. During 1913 he exhibited his work at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d'Automne, and his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, and several others. His compelling and mysterious paintings are considered instrumental to the early ancestry of Surrealism. Vocal of Dear (1914) is one of the nearly famous works by de Chirico and is an early example of the surrealist mode, though it was painted ten years before the movement was "founded" by André Breton in 1924.

World War I brought an terminate to this phase but indicated the outset of a number of anti-art movements, such as Dada, including the work of Marcel Duchamp, and of Surrealism. Creative person groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus developed new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, compages, design, and art education.

Mod art was introduced to the U.s. with the Arsenal Show in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.South. during World War I.

After World War 2 [edit]

It was only after World War II, however, that the U.S. became the focal signal of new artistic movements.^[15] The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism, Color field painting, Conceptual artists of Art & Linguistic communication, Pop fine art, Op fine art, Hard-border painting, Minimal art, Lyrical Abstraction, Fluxus, Happening, Video fine art, Postminimalism, Photorealism and various other movements. In the belatedly 1960s and the 1970s, State art, Performance art, Conceptual art, and other new art forms had attracted the attention of curators and critics, at the expense of more traditional media.^[sixteen] Larger installations and performances became widespread.

By the finish of the 1970s, when cultural critics began speaking of "the end of painting" (the championship of a provocative essay written in 1981 by Douglas Crimp), new media art had go a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such equally video art.^[17] Painting assumed renewed importance in the 1980s and 1990s, as evidenced by the ascension of neo-expressionism and the revival of figurative painting.^[18]

Towards the finish of the 20th century, a number of artists and architects started questioning the idea of "the modern" and created typically Postmodern works.^[19]

Art movements and artist groups [edit]

(Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)

19th century [edit]

Romanticism and the Romantic movement – Francisco de Goya, J. M. Westward. Turner, Eugène Delacroix
Realism – Gustave Courbet, Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet, Rosa Bonheur
Pre-Raphaelites – William Holman Chase, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Macchiaioli – Giovanni Fattori, Silvestro Lega, Telemaco Signorini
Impressionism – Frédéric Bazille, Gustave Caillebotte, Mary Cassatt, Edgar Degas, Armand Guillaumin, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley
Postal service-impressionism – Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Rousseau, Henri-Jean Guillaume Martin, Albert Lebourg, Robert Antoine Pinchon
Pointillism – Georges Seurat, Paul Signac, Maximilien Luce, Henri-Edmond Cross
Divisionism – Gaetano Previati, Giovanni Segantini, Pellizza da Volpedo
Symbolism – Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, Edvard Munch, James Whistler, James Ensor
Les Nabis – Pierre Bonnard, Édouard Vuillard, Félix Vallotton, Maurice Denis, Paul Sérusier
Art Nouveau and variants – Jugendstil, Secession, Mod Style, Modernisme – Aubrey Beardsley, Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt,
Art Nouveau architecture and pattern – Antoni Gaudí, Otto Wagner, Wiener Werkstätte, Josef Hoffmann, Adolf Loos, Koloman Moser
Early Modernist sculptors – Aristide Maillol, Auguste Rodin

Early on 20th century (earlier World War I) [edit]

Abstruse fine art – Francis Picabia, Wassily Kandinsky, František Kupka, Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Léopold Survage, Piet Mondrian, Kazimir Malevich, Hilma af Klint
Fauvism – André Derain, Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck, Georges Braque, Kees van Dongen
Expressionism and related – Die Brücke, Der Blaue Reiter – Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Emil Nolde, Axel Törneman, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Max Pechstein
Cubism – Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Francis Picabia, Juan Gris
Futurism – Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Gino Severini, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov
Orphism – Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, František Kupka
Suprematism – Kazimir Malevich, Alexander Rodchenko, El Lissitzky
Synchromism – Stanton Macdonald-Wright, Morgan Russell
Vorticism – Wyndham Lewis
Sculpture – Constantin Brâncuși, Joseph Csaky, Alexander Archipenko, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Jacques Lipchitz, Ossip Zadkine, Henri Laurens, Elie Nadelman, Chaim Gross, Chana Orloff, Jacob Epstein, Gustave Miklos
Photography – Pictorialism, Direct photography

Globe War I to Earth War Ii [edit]

Dada – Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Francis Picabia, Kurt Schwitters
Surrealism – Marc Chagall, René Magritte, Jean Arp, Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, Giorgio de Chirico, André Masson, Joan Miró
Expressionism and related: Chaim Soutine, Abraham Mintchine
Pittura Metafisica – Giorgio de Chirico, Carlo Carrà, Giorgio Morandi
De Stijl – Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian
New Objectivity – Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz
Figurative painting – Henri Matisse, Pierre Bonnard
American Modernism – Stuart Davis, Arthur G. Dove, Marsden Hartley, Georgia O'Keeffe
Constructivism – Naum Gabo, Gustav Klutsis, László Moholy-Nagy, El Lissitzky, Kasimir Malevich, Vadim Meller, Alexander Rodchenko, Vladimir Tatlin
Bauhaus – Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Josef Albers
Scottish Colourists – Francis Cadell, Samuel Peploe, Leslie Hunter, John Duncan Fergusson
Social realism – Grant Wood, Walker Evans, Diego Rivera
Precisionism – Charles Sheeler, Charles Demuth
Boychukism - Mykhailo Boychuk, Sofiya Nalepinska-Boychuk, Ivan Padalka, Vasily Sedlyar
Sculpture – Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, Gaston Lachaise, Henry Moore, Pablo Picasso, Julio Gonzalez

Later on Earth War Ii [edit]

Figuratifs – Bernard Buffet, Jean Carzou, Maurice Boitel, Daniel du Janerand, Claude-Max Lochu
Sculpture – Henry Moore, David Smith, Tony Smith, Alexander Calder, Isamu Noguchi,^[20] Alberto Giacometti, Sir Anthony Caro, Jean Dubuffet, Isaac Witkin, René Iché, Marino Marini, Louise Nevelson, Albert Vrana
Abstruse expressionism – Joan Mitchell, Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Arshile Gorky, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Notwithstanding, Lee Krasner,
American Abstruse Artists – Ilya Bolotowsky, Ibram Lassaw, Ad Reinhardt, Josef Albers, Burgoyne Diller
Art Brut – Adolf Wölfli, Baronial Natterer, Ferdinand Cheval, Madge Gill
Arte Povera – Jannis Kounellis, Luciano Fabro, Mario Merz, Piero Manzoni, Alighiero Boetti
Colour field painting – Barnett Newman, Marking Rothko, Adolph Gottlieb, Sam Francis, Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Helen Frankenthaler
Tachisme – Jean Dubuffet, Pierre Soulages, Hans Hartung, Ludwig Merwart
COBRA – Pierre Alechinsky, Karel Appel, Asger Jorn
Conceptual art – Art & Linguistic communication, Dan Graham, Lawrence Weiner, Bruce Nauman, Daniel Buren, Victor Burgin, Sol LeWitt
De-collage – Wolf Vostell, Mimmo Rotella
Neo-Dada – Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, John Chamberlain, Joseph Beuys, Lee Bontecou, Edward Kienholz
Figurative Expressionism – Larry Rivers, Grace Hartigan, Elaine de Kooning, Robert De Niro, Sr., Lester Johnson, George McNeil, Earle M. Pilgrim, Jan Müller, Robert Beauchamp, Bob Thompson
Feminist Art — Eva Hesse, Judy Chicago, Barbara Kruger, Mary Beth Edelson, Ewa Partum, Valie Export, Yoko Ono, Louise Conservative, Cindy Sherman, Kiki Smith, Guerrilla Girls, Hannah Wilke
Fluxus – George Maciunas, Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell, Nam June Paik, Daniel Spoerri, Dieter Roth, Carolee Schneeman, Alison Knowles, Charlotte Moorman, Dick Higgins
Happening – Allan Kaprow, Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, Nam June Paik, Charlotte Moorman, Robert Whitman, Yoko Ono
Dau-al-Set – founded in Barcelona by poet/artist Joan Brossa, – Antoni Tàpies
Grupo El Paso [es; ca; pl] – founded in Madrid by artists Antonio Saura, Pablo Serrano
Geometric abstraction – Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Nadir Afonso, Manlio Rho, Mario Radice, Mino Argento, Adam Szentpétery
Hard-edge painting – John McLaughlin, Ellsworth Kelly, Frank Stella, Al Held, Ronald Davis
Kinetic fine art – George Rickey, Getulio Alviani
State fine art – Ana Mendieta, Christo, Richard Long, Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer
Les Automatistes – Claude Gauvreau, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Pierre Gauvreau, Fernand Leduc, Jean-Paul Mousseau, Marcelle Ferron
Minimal fine art – Sol LeWitt, Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Richard Serra, Agnes Martin
Postminimalism – Eva Hesse, Bruce Nauman, Lynda Benglis
Lyrical abstraction – Ronnie Landfield, Sam Gilliam, Larry Zox, Dan Christensen, Natvar Bhavsar, Larry Poons
Neo-figurative art – Fernando Botero, Antonio Berni
Neo-expressionism – Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Jörg Immendorff, Jean-Michel Basquiat
Transavanguardia – Francesco Clemente, Mimmo Paladino, Sandro Chia, Enzo Cucchi
Figuration libre – Hervé Di Rosa, François Boisrond, Robert Combas
New realism – Yves Klein, Pierre Restany, Arman
Op art – Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Richard Anuszkiewicz, Jeffrey Steele
Outsider art – Howard Finster, Grandma Moses, Bob Justin
Photorealism – Audrey Flack, Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, Richard Estes, Malcolm Morley
Pop art – Richard Hamilton, Robert Indiana, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Ed Ruscha, David Hockney
Postwar European figurative painting – Lucian Freud, Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach, Gerhard Richter
New European Painting – Luc Tuymans, Marlene Dumas, Neo Rauch, Bracha Ettinger, Michaël Borremans, Chris Ofili
Shaped canvass – Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Ron Davis, Robert Mangold.
Soviet fine art – Aleksandr Deyneka, Aleksandr Gerasimov, Ilya Kabakov, Komar & Melamid, Alexandr Zhdanov, Leonid Sokov
Spatialism – Lucio Fontana
Video fine art – Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Joseph Beuys, Bill Viola, Hans Breder
Visionary fine art – Ernst Fuchs, Paul Laffoley, Michael Bowen

Notable modern art exhibitions and museums [edit]

Austria [edit]

Leopold Museum, Vienna

Belgium [edit]

SMAK, Ghent

Brazil [edit]

MASP, São Paulo, SP
MAM/SP, São Paulo, SP
MAM/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ
MAM/BA, Salvador, Bahia

Colombia [edit]

Bogotá Museum of Modern Art (MAMBO)

Croatia [edit]

Ivan Meštrović Gallery, Split
Mod Gallery, Zagreb
Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb

Ecuador [edit]

Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo, Guayaquil
La Capilla del Hombre, Quito

Finland [edit]

EMMA, Espoo
Kiasma, Helsinki

France [edit]

Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art, Montsoreau
Lille Métropole Museum of Modern, Gimmicky and Outsider Art, Villeneuve d'Ascq
Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris
Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris
Musée Picasso, Paris
Museum of Modern and Gimmicky Art, Strasbourg
Musée d'art moderne de Troyes

Germany [edit]

documenta, Kassel, an exhibition of modernistic and gimmicky art held every v years
Museum Ludwig, Cologne
Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich

Republic of india [edit]

Centre of International Modern Fine art [Wikidata] (CIMA),^[21] Kolkata
National Gallery of Mod Art, New Delhi
National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai
National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore

Islamic republic of iran [edit]

Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran

Ireland [edit]

Hugh Lane Gallery, Dublin
Irish Museum of Modernistic Fine art, Dublin

Israel [edit]

Tel Aviv Museum of Art

Italy [edit]

Palazzo delle Esposizioni
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
Venice Biennial, Venice
Palazzo Pitti, Florence
Museo del Novecento, Milan

Mexico [edit]

Museo de Arte Moderno, México D.F.

Netherlands [edit]

Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam

Norway [edit]

Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art, Oslo
Henie-Onstad Art Heart, Oslo

Poland [edit]

Museum of Art, Łódź
National Museum, Kraków

Qatar [edit]

Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art, Doha

Romania [edit]

National Museum of Contemporary Art, Bucharest

Russia [edit]

Hermitage Museum, Saint petersburg
Pushkin Museum, Moscow
Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow

Serbia [edit]

Museum of Gimmicky Art, Belgrade

Spain [edit]

Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona, Barcelona
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid
Institut Valencià d'Fine art Modern, Valencia
Atlantic Eye of Modern Fine art, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Museu Picasso, Barcelona.
Museo Picasso Málaga, Málaga.

Sweden [edit]

Moderna Museet, Stockholm

Taiwan [edit]

Asia Museum of Modern Art, Taichung

Britain [edit]

Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Fine art, London
Saatchi Gallery, London
Tate Britain, London
Tate Liverpool
Tate Modern, London
Tate St Ives

Ukraine [edit]

National Fine art Museum of Ukraine, Kyiv
Andrey Sheptytsky National Museum of Lviv, Lviv

United States [edit]

Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York
Art Found of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire Country Plaza Art Drove, Albany, New York
Guggenheim Museum, New York City, New York, and Venice, Italia ; more recently in Berlin, Deutschland, Bilbao, Kingdom of spain, and Las Vegas, Nevada
Loftier Museum, Atlanta, Georgia
Los Angeles County Museum of Fine art, Los Angeles, California
McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas
Menil Collection, Houston, Texas
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts
Museum of Modern Art, New York Metropolis, New York
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California
The Bakery Museum, Naples, Florida
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City, New York

Notes [edit]

^ "One way of understanding the relation of the terms 'modernistic,' 'modernity,' and 'modernism' is that aesthetic modernism is a form of fine art feature of loftier or actualized tardily modernity, that is, of that period in which social, economic, and cultural life in the widest sense [was] revolutionized past modernity ... [this means] that modernist art is scarcely thinkable outside the context of the modernized society of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Social modernity is the home of modernist art, fifty-fifty where that art rebels against information technology." — Lawrence East. Cahoone^[half-dozen]
^ "In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries momentum began to gather behind a new view of the world, which would eventually create a new earth, the modern world." — Lawrence Due east. Cahoone^[8]

References [edit]

^ Atkins 1997, pp. 118–119.
^ Gombrich 1995, p. 557.
^ Clement 1996, p. 114.
^ Scobie 1988, pp. 103–107.
^ John-Steiner 2006, p. 69.
^ Cahoone 1996, p. 13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Arnason & Prather 1998, p. 17.
^ Cahoone 1996, p. 27.
^ Greenberg 1982, p. 5.
^ Gombrich 1995, p. 477.
^ Arnason & Prather 1998, p. 22.
^ Corinth et al. 1996, p. 25.
^ Cogniat 1975, p. 61.
^ Cogniat 1975, pp. 43–49.
^ Saunders 2013.
^ Mullins 2006, p. fourteen.
^ Mullins 2006, p. 9.
^ Mullins 2006, pp. fourteen–fifteen.
^ Jencks 1987, p.^{[ folio needed ]}.
^ Lander 2006.
^ Times of Bharat Travel 2015.

Sources [edit]

Arnason, H. Harvard; Prather, Marla (1998). History of modern art : painting, sculpture, architecture, photography (4th ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN978-0-8109-3439-ix. OCLC 1035593323 – via Internet Annal.
Atkins, Robert (1997). Artspeak: A Guide to Gimmicky Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords (2nd ed.). New York: Abbeville Press Publishers. ISBN978-0-7892-0415-viii. OCLC 605278894 – via Internet Archive.
Cahoone, Lawrence (1996). From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Album . Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN978-i-55786-602-viii. OCLC 1149327777 – via Internet Archive.
"CIMA Art Gallery". Times of India Travel. 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2021-06-12 .
Clement, Russell (1996). Four French Symbolists: A Sourcebook on Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, and Maurice Denis. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0-313-29752-six. OCLC 34191505.
Cogniat, Raymond (1975). Pissarro. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN978-0-517-52477-0. OCLC 2082821.
Corinth, Lovis; Schuster, Peter-Klaus; Vitali, Christoph; Butts, Barbara; Brauner, Lothar; Bärnreuther, Andrea (1996). Lovis Corinth. Munich; New York: Prestel. ISBN978-three-7913-1682-six. OCLC 35280519.
Greenberg, Clement (1982). "Modernist Painting". In Frascina, Francis; Harrison, Charles; Paul, Deirdre (eds.). Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology . In association with the Open University. London: Harper & Row. ISBN978-0-06-318234-ix. OCLC 297414909 – via Internet Annal.
Gombrich, Ernst H. (1995). The Story of Art . London: Phaidon Press Limited. ISBN978-0-7148-3355-2. OCLC 1151352542 – via Net Archive.
Jencks, Charles (1987). Mail service-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture . New York: Rizzoli. ISBN978-0-8478-0835-9. OCLC 1150952960 – via Inernet Archive.
John-Steiner, Vera (2006). "Patterns of Collaboration among Artists". Creative Collaboration. Oxford University Printing. pp. 63–96. doi:x.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307702.003.0004. ISBN978-0-nineteen-530770-two. OCLC 5105130725, 252638637.
Lander, David (Nov–December 2006). "Fifties Piece of furniture THE SIDE TABLE As SCULPTURE". Shopping. American Heritage. American Association for State and Local History. 57 (6). ISSN 2161-8496. OCLC 60622066. Archived from the original on 2007-10-20.
Mullins, Charlotte (2006). Painting people : figure painting today. New York: D.A.P./Distributed Art Pubs. ISBN978-i-933045-38-ii. OCLC 71679906.
Saunders, Frances Stonor (2013-06-fourteen) [1995-10-22]. "Modern art was CIA 'weapon'". The Independent . Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
Scobie, Stephen (1988). "The Attraction of Multiplicity: Metaphor and Metonymy in Cubism and Gertrude Stein". In Neuman, S. C.; Nadel, Ira Bruce (eds.). Gertrude Stein and the Making of Literature. London: Palgrave Macmillan Great britain. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-08541-5_7. ISBN978-ane-349-08543-9. OCLC 7323640453 – via Cyberspace Archive.

External links [edit]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art